![syncovery corruption syncovery corruption](https://66.media.tumblr.com/8b2275502535638b9d583cc2e292b330/tumblr_pfa1vpVLuI1uy4gvoo1_1280.png)
for Austria, given its health expenditures of €36.3 billion or 11.0% of gross domestic product, a loss of €1.1 billion, €2.9 billion or €3.6 billion. In 2014, losing 3%, 8% or 10% to corruption would mean, e.g. In a resolution in the German Bundestag on “combating corruption in health care”, a figure of up to 10% of public health expenditure was quoted. According to recent reports on the cost of fraud in healthcare, estimates of the magnitude of corruption and social fraud range between 3% and 8% of national health expenditures.
![syncovery corruption syncovery corruption](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/corruption-140409202510-phpapp02/95/corruption-15-638.jpg)
In recent years, the fight against corruption in the healthcare sector has intensified owing to the growing consensus that corruption in its various forms heavily distorts national healthcare purposes, undermines the aims of health policy measures and reforms, and leads to a tremendous waste of resources. Hence, sanctioning individual actors only does not target the problem. Linking corruption cases to Thompson’s typology revealed that many corrupt activities may show elements of both individual and institutional corruption because they are intertwined, partly overlap and may occur jointly. To gain further understanding of the similarities and differences of the three typologies, prime examples of corrupt activities in the health sector in the European Union and USA (along with their potential remedies) are provided. Effective anti-corruption activities not only require the enactment of anti-corruption laws but also the monitoring and, where appropriate, revision of institutional frameworks to prevent the undermining of the primary purposes of health systems or institutions. According to Thompson, individual corruption is the personal gain of individuals performing duties within an institution in exchange for nurturing private interests, while institutional corruption pertains to the failure of the institution in directing the individual’s behaviour towards the achievement of the institution’s primary purpose because the institutional design promotes the pursuit of individual goals. We subsequently link them to the typology of individual and institutional corruption introduced by Dennis Thompson in the context of investigating misconduct of US Congressional members. To promote understanding of the complexity and interconnection of corrupt activities, we aim to present healthcare-related corruption typologies of the European Union and European Healthcare Fraud and Corruption Network. Estimates from the European Healthcare Fraud and Corruption Network calculate an approximate €56 billion annual loss to Europe as a result of corruption.
![syncovery corruption syncovery corruption](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/corruptionanditssollutionfinal-131021112847-phpapp01/95/corruptionand-its-sollution-13-638.jpg)
In recent years, the fight against healthcare corruption has intensified.